Math & Trig Excel Functions

Perform mathematical calculations

Conditional math for reports

  • One condition → [SUMIF](/functions/sumif/) and [COUNTIF](/functions/countif/)
  • Multiple conditions → [SUMIFS](/functions/sumifs/) and [COUNTIFS](/functions/countifs/)
  • Compare approaches → [SUMIF vs SUMIFS](/compare/sumif-vs-sumifs/)
  • Examples → [SUMIFS tutorial](/blog/sumifs-excel-examples/)

Functions in this category

  • SUM: Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.
  • SUMIF: Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria.
  • SUMIFS: Adds cells that meet multiple criteria across multiple ranges.
  • SUMPRODUCT: Returns the sum of the products of corresponding ranges or arrays.
  • ROUND: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
  • ABS: Returns the absolute value of a number (the number without its sign).
  • MOD: Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor.
  • CEILING: Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance.
  • FLOOR: Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of significance.
  • INT: Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
  • TRUNC: Truncates a number to an integer by removing the decimal part.
  • ROUNDUP: Rounds a number up, away from zero.
  • ROUNDDOWN: Rounds a number down, toward zero.
  • MROUND: Rounds a number to the nearest specified multiple.
  • POWER: Returns the result of a number raised to a power.
  • SQRT: Returns the square root of a number.
  • EXP: Returns e raised to the power of a given number.
  • LN: Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a number.
  • LOG: Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base.
  • LOG10: Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.
  • PI: Returns the value of pi (π) accurate to 15 digits.
  • SIN: Returns the sine of an angle specified in radians.
  • COS: Returns the cosine of an angle specified in radians.
  • TAN: Returns the tangent of an angle specified in radians.
  • RADIANS: Converts degrees to radians.
  • DEGREES: Converts radians to degrees.
  • RAND: Returns a random decimal number between 0 and 1.
  • RANDBETWEEN: Returns a random integer between two specified numbers.
  • PRODUCT: Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments.
  • SIGN: Returns the sign of a number: 1 for positive, -1 for negative, 0 for zero.
  • SUBTOTAL: Returns a subtotal in a list or database, with options to include or exclude hidden values.
  • AGGREGATE: Returns an aggregate calculation with options to ignore errors and hidden rows.
  • SEQUENCE: Generates a list of sequential numbers in an array.
  • RANDARRAY: Returns an array of random numbers.
  • ACOS: Returns the arccosine of a number in radians.
  • ACOSH: Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
  • ASIN: Returns the arcsine of a number in radians.
  • ASINH: Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.
  • ATAN: Returns the arctangent of a number in radians.
  • ATAN2: Returns the arctangent from x and y coordinates.
  • ATANH: Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
  • COMBIN: Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items.
  • COMBINA: Returns the number of combinations with repetitions.
  • FACT: Returns the factorial of a number.
  • FACTDOUBLE: Returns the double factorial of a number.
  • GCD: Returns the greatest common divisor.
  • LCM: Returns the least common multiple.
  • PERMUT: Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects.
  • PERMUTATIONA: Returns the number of permutations with repetitions.
  • QUOTIENT: Returns the integer portion of a division.
  • ROMAN: Converts an Arabic numeral to Roman numeral as text.
  • ARABIC: Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic numeral.
  • BASE: Converts a number into a text representation with the given radix (base).
  • DECIMAL: Converts a text representation of a number in a given base into a decimal number.
  • SINH: Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
  • COSH: Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
  • TANH: Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.
  • COT: Returns the cotangent of an angle in radians.
  • ACOT: Returns the arccotangent of a number in radians.
  • COTH: Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a number.
  • ACOTH: Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number.
  • SEC: Returns the secant of an angle in radians.
  • CSC: Returns the cosecant of an angle in radians.
  • SECH: Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number.
  • CSCH: Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a number.
  • EVEN: Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.
  • ODD: Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.
  • MMULT: Returns the matrix product of two arrays.
  • MDETERM: Returns the matrix determinant of an array.
  • MINVERSE: Returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in an array.
  • MUNIT: Returns the unit matrix or the specified dimension.
  • SUMX2MY2: Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.
  • SUMX2PY2: Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.
  • SUMXMY2: Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.
  • CEILING.MATH: Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.
  • CEILING.PRECISE: Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance, regardless of sign.
  • FLOOR.MATH: Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.
  • FLOOR.PRECISE: Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance, regardless of sign.
  • SUMSQ: Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.
  • SERIESSUM: Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula.
  • MULTINOMIAL: Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers.
  • ISO.CEILING: Returns a number that is rounded up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance, regardless of sign.
  • SQRTPI: Returns the square root of (number * pi).

Mastering Math & Trig functions end-to-end

  • Perform mathematical calculations — use this category page as a map before diving into individual function syntax pages.
  • Functions indexed here: SUM, SUMIF, SUMIFS, SUMPRODUCT, ROUND, ABS, MOD, CEILING, FLOOR, INT, TRUNC, ROUNDUP and more.
  • Pick one function per week for your team, copy the examples into a practice workbook, and spot-check against manual math.
  • When functions in this category feed lookups or aggregates, read the related comparison and problem guides linked from function pages.
  • Small categories still matter in specialized models — document which niche functions your template depends on for auditors.
  • Confirm Excel version requirements: dynamic array and cube functions may not open in Excel 2019 even if other category members do.

Category troubleshooting patterns

  • #NAME? often means a niche function name typo or a locale mismatch — compare spelling to this English directory.
  • #VALUE! in specialized functions usually means wrong argument type — review each parameter description on the function page.
  • When results differ from documentation, verify regional settings, unit assumptions, and whether the workbook opened in compatibility mode.
  • Cross-link to fix-excel-formula-errors when multiple function types in this category fail after a bulk find-replace.

Function deep dives in this category

  • SUM (/functions/sum/): Adds all the numbers in a range of cells. Syntax: =SUM(number1, [number2], ...).
  • SUMIF (/functions/sumif/): Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria. Syntax: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]).
  • SUMIFS (/functions/sumifs/): Adds cells that meet multiple criteria across multiple ranges. Syntax: =SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...).
  • SUMPRODUCT (/functions/sumproduct/): Returns the sum of the products of corresponding ranges or arrays. Syntax: =SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2], [array3], ...).
  • ROUND (/functions/round/): Rounds a number to a specified number of digits. Syntax: =ROUND(number, num_digits).
  • ABS (/functions/abs/): Returns the absolute value of a number (the number without its sign). Syntax: =ABS(number).
  • MOD (/functions/mod/): Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor. Syntax: =MOD(number, divisor).
  • CEILING (/functions/ceiling/): Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance. Syntax: =CEILING(number, significance).