Financial Excel Functions

Calculate loans, investments, and depreciation

Loans and savings

  • Monthly payment → [PMT](/functions/pmt/)
  • Future value of savings → [FV](/functions/fv/)
  • Present value → [PV](/functions/pv/)
  • Payment count → [NPER](/functions/nper/) and rate → [RATE](/functions/rate/)

Investment analysis

  • Net present value → [NPV](/functions/npv/) and irregular dates → [XNPV](/functions/xnpv/)
  • Internal rate of return → [IRR](/functions/irr/) and [XIRR](/functions/xirr/)
  • Straight-line depreciation → [SLN](/functions/sln/)

Functions in this category

  • PMT: Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
  • FV: Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
  • RATE: Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity.
  • NPER: Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic payments and a constant interest rate.
  • IPMT: Returns the interest payment for a given period of an investment.
  • PPMT: Returns the principal payment for a given period of an investment.
  • XIRR: Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows with specific dates.
  • XNPV: Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows with specific dates.
  • SLN: Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period.
  • DDB: Returns the depreciation of an asset using the double-declining balance method.
  • SYD: Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period.
  • DB: Returns the depreciation of an asset using the fixed-declining balance method.
  • ACCRINT: Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest.
  • ACCRINTM: Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity.
  • CUMIPMT: Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods.
  • CUMPRINC: Returns the cumulative principal paid between two periods.
  • DISC: Returns the discount rate for a security.
  • DOLLARDE: Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction into a decimal number.
  • DOLLARFR: Converts a dollar price expressed as a decimal into a fractional dollar.
  • DURATION: Returns the annual duration of a security with periodic interest payments.
  • EFFECT: Returns the effective annual interest rate.
  • FVSCHEDULE: Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates.
  • INTRATE: Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security.
  • MDURATION: Returns the modified Macaulay duration for a security.
  • MIRR: Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.
  • NOMINAL: Returns the annual nominal interest rate.
  • PDURATION: Returns the number of periods required for an investment to reach a specified value.
  • PRICE: Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays periodic interest.
  • PRICEDISC: Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security.
  • PRICEMAT: Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays interest at maturity.
  • RECEIVED: Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.
  • RRI: Returns an equivalent interest rate for the growth of an investment.
  • TBILLEQ: Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill.
  • TBILLPRICE: Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill.
  • TBILLYIELD: Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.
  • VDB: Returns the depreciation of an asset using a variable declining balance method.
  • YIELD: Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest.
  • YIELDDISC: Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.
  • YIELDMAT: Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity.
  • COUPDAYBS: Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.
  • COUPDAYS: Returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date.
  • COUPDAYSNC: Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date.
  • COUPNCD: Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date.
  • COUPNUM: Returns the number of coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date.
  • COUPPCD: Returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date.
  • AMORLINC: Returns the depreciation for each accounting period using linear depreciation.
  • AMORDEGRC: Returns the depreciation for each accounting period using degressive depreciation.
  • ISPMT: Returns the interest paid during a specific period of an investment.
  • STOCKHISTORY: Retrieves historical stock price data from Microsoft's data provider.
  • IRR: Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows.
  • NPV: Calculates the net present value of an investment based on a discount rate and future cash flows.
  • PV: Returns the present value of an investment - the total amount that future payments are worth now.
  • ODDFPRICE: Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd first period.
  • ODDFYIELD: Returns the yield of a security with an odd first period.
  • ODDLPRICE: Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd last period.
  • ODDLYIELD: Returns the yield of a security with an odd last period.

Mastering Financial functions end-to-end

  • Calculate loans, investments, and depreciation — use this category page as a map before diving into individual function syntax pages.
  • Functions indexed here: PMT, FV, RATE, NPER, IPMT, PPMT, XIRR, XNPV, SLN, DDB, SYD, DB and more.
  • Pick one function per week for your team, copy the examples into a practice workbook, and spot-check against manual math.
  • When functions in this category feed lookups or aggregates, read the related comparison and problem guides linked from function pages.
  • Small categories still matter in specialized models — document which niche functions your template depends on for auditors.
  • Confirm Excel version requirements: dynamic array and cube functions may not open in Excel 2019 even if other category members do.

Category troubleshooting patterns

  • #NAME? often means a niche function name typo or a locale mismatch — compare spelling to this English directory.
  • #VALUE! in specialized functions usually means wrong argument type — review each parameter description on the function page.
  • When results differ from documentation, verify regional settings, unit assumptions, and whether the workbook opened in compatibility mode.
  • Cross-link to fix-excel-formula-errors when multiple function types in this category fail after a bulk find-replace.

Function deep dives in this category

  • PMT (/functions/pmt/): Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate. Syntax: =PMT(rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type]).
  • FV (/functions/fv/): Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate. Syntax: =FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv], [type]).
  • RATE (/functions/rate/): Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity. Syntax: =RATE(nper, pmt, pv, [fv], [type], [guess]).
  • NPER (/functions/nper/): Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic payments and a constant interest rate. Syntax: =NPER(rate, pmt, pv, [fv], [type]).
  • IPMT (/functions/ipmt/): Returns the interest payment for a given period of an investment. Syntax: =IPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]).
  • PPMT (/functions/ppmt/): Returns the principal payment for a given period of an investment. Syntax: =PPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]).
  • XIRR (/functions/xirr/): Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows with specific dates. Syntax: =XIRR(values, dates, [guess]).
  • XNPV (/functions/xnpv/): Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows with specific dates. Syntax: =XNPV(rate, values, dates).